Lab-grown diamond prices slide as De Beers fights back

Eric Onstad and Barbara Lewis - Since De Beers abandoned its decades-old policy of refusing to sell lab-grown diamonds as jewellery, the price gap between man-made stones and natural gems has widened - and the difference is set to get even bigger. When De Beers shocked the industry with its U-turn in May, a 1 carat synthetic diamond cost about US$4 200 while an equivalent mined gem sold for US$6 000. But since September, De Beers, has been selling gem-quality man-made stones for just US$800 a carat. De Beers says it wants to create a clear distinction between lab-grown diamonds and natural gems. The hope is this will reinforce the mystique of stones formed in the earth's crust so consumers keep buying them for major events such as engagements.By contrast, its synthetic diamonds grown in Britain at its Element Six labs and sold through jewellery subsidiary Lightbox are marketed as sparkly, pink, blue or white fashion accessories that are neither as rare nor precious as real gems. StrategyThe risk for the 130-year-old De Beers, which coined the marketing tag "A Diamond is Forever" in 1947, is that its branding of lab-grown gems could undermine natural diamonds. But so far, De Beers' strategy has been working. According to analyst Paul Zimnisky, the average discount of a 1 carat generic lab-grown diamond to a natural diamond had widened to 42% by mid-November from 29% in January. At the same time, production costs to make high-tech diamonds in a laboratory have plummeted to as little as US$300 a carat from about US$4 000 over the past decade, according to consultants Bain & Company and two former De Beers' employees. That means De Beers has plenty of scope to cut prices further, to reinforce the cachet of natural gems and to undermine synthetic diamond rivals that have been earning substantial margins in recent years, analysts say."The cost of these synthetic diamonds will go down to production costs plus a competitive profit margin. There is no shortage," said Martin Rapaport, who publishes a list of natural diamond prices regarded by many in the industry as a benchmark.‘Substitution scenario’De Beers is also investing $94 million over four years to build a US factory that will churn out 500 000 carats of lab-grown gems a year and Chinese producers are stepping up their output of cheap manufactured diamonds."I think De Beers will keep the pressure up and may even cut prices further from the US$800 level once they get their new factory up and running," a diamond industry executive who used to work for De Beers said on condition of anonymity. Until about five years ago, diamonds produced from carbon using complex technology had largely been shunned by jewellers as a fringe product, even though they have been used in industry for decades. But man-made gem-quality diamonds have enjoyed growing sales from millennials attracted by the prospect of cheaper stones that are guaranteed to be conflict-free. InvestorsThe industry has attracted investors from Silicon Valley and Hollywood, including "Blood Diamond" star Leonardo DiCaprio, who helps promote man-made diamonds as ethical and low-carbon - claims that are disputed by the natural diamond sector.While the nascent lab-grown sector can still be profitable with a wider discount to natural gems, the eye-watering margins at a string of start-ups could be threatened if prices continue to fall, especially for larger gems, analysts and insiders said. Public data is not available for the privately-held lab-grown diamond firms, but Zimnisky calculates many have core profit margins of about 50%. Retailers selling both natural and lab-grown diamonds are also less likely to apply the same sales pressure to lab-grown diamonds once the incentive of huge margins has been eroded."The idea of De Beers is clearly to set a price point where it may deter large volumes of capital to come into the lab-grown diamond market," said Morgan Stanley analyst Menno Sanderse. "They are trying to minimise the tail risk of the substitution scenario."‘High-risk gamble’ While operating costs of man-made diamonds are falling, initial investments can be steep, handing De Beers an advantage given it is backed by mining company Anglo American. De Beers declined to comment on its costs. It said it was selling lab-grown diamonds at a profit, refuting suggestions from rivals that it is dumping the man-made gems on the market. De Beers says it simply saw a demand for lab-grown diamonds and now technology is sophisticated enough to produce gem quality as well as industrial stones, it decided to fill it. So far, lab-grown diamonds only account for about 2% of the overall diamond jewellery market. California's Diamond Foundry, backed by DiCaprio and Silicon Valley investors, is among dozens of lab-grown gem producers to emerge over the last decade as technology has evolved since the first synthetic industrial-quality diamond was created in 1954. Firms have been attracted by high prices and the ability to extract profits from several areas of the value chain. While the natural diamond industry includes miners, traders, polishers, jewellery makers and retailers, all adding their own margins, the man-made sector controls many if not all of those functions in single firms. German-born Diamond Foundry Chief Executive Martin Roscheisen, who has founded several Silicon Valley start-ups, said his firm has not had to cut prices due to Lightbox."It's a very high-risk gamble that De Beers is taking that so far we don't see working out, because they have primarily legitimised the man-made category," Roscheisen said. Another big initiative held its nerve in the United States, the country which accounts for most lab-grown diamond sales. Major department stores JC Penney and Macy's announced in October the roll-out of a bridal collection of lab-grown diamond jewellery in time for the peak Christmas season - and stuck to their guns on pricing. A three-carat lab-grown diamond engagement ring is listed on Macy's website for US$19 950. The jewellery is made by Richline Group, which his owned by Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway. – Nampa/ReutersKASSIEFactbox: Man-made diamonds OriginsA team at the General Electric Research Laboratory in New York discovered the first commercially successful process for producing man-made diamonds in December, 1954, according to the book "The Diamond Makers" by Robert Hazen.Scientists had been seeking to create a diamond since the discovery in 1797 that diamonds, the hardest natural substance on earth, were made of nearly pure carbon.ProcessThere are two main methods to produce man-made diamonds: HPHT The High Pressure, High Temperature process, which was used by the General Electric scientists in the 1950s, seeks to replicate the way natural diamonds were formed about 100 miles beneath the earth millions of years ago.It uses pressure of more than 1.5 million pounds per square inch and temperatures above 2 000 degrees Celsius in a machine to transform carbon into diamonds. Scientists at Element Six, part of Anglo American, liken the pressure required to standing the Eiffel Tower upside down on a drinks can. By the 1990s the technique became advanced enough to create diamonds of sufficient quality and size to be commercially viable.CVD The Chemical Vapour Deposition process, which became viable in the 1980s, does not require high pressure. A hydrocarbon gas mixture is ionised by microwaves or lasers in a vessel at temperatures of about 800 degrees Celsius. This breaks the molecular bonds of the gases, spurring carbon atoms to be deposited on a diamond seed, growing into a crystal, layer by layer over days and weeks. Many of the new lab-grown diamonds companies use CVD, which gives the diamond creator greater control over the process, making it suited to production of large volumes of gem-quality diamonds rather than industrial-quality stones for purposes such as cutting machinery.MarketThe lab-grown diamond jewellery market was worth US$1.9 billion this year and is forecast to grow 22% annually to US$5.2 billion by 2023 and US$14.9 billion by 2035, analyst Paul Zimnisky said.The man-made sector is worth about 2% of the total US$87 billion diamond jewellery market and is due to increase its share to 5% by 2035, according to Zimnisky.MillennialsA poll of 2 000 female millennials by Berenberg Research found that 53% would happily accept a lab-grown diamond engagement ring - with acceptance ranging from 62% in Japan to 56% in the United States and 40% in China. – Nampa/Reuters

Lab-grown diamond prices slide as De Beers fights back

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